Disease Modeling

Primary human hepatocyte cultures are considered the gold standard liver-based in vitro models, providing a good simulation of the in vivo situation. In vitro models of the liver have led to important insights into the pathogenesis of liver disease. These models are essential tools in the discovery and preclinical stages of drug development.

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Hepatitis

Many varieties of the hepatitis virus cause inflammation of the liver, which can lead to severe illness or even death when left untreated. Millions of people are infected with hepatitis viruses worldwide and it remains a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinomas, especially in individuals born in the U.S.A. between 1945 and 1965. While cures have been developed for the deadliest variant, Hepatitis C (HCV), reinfection can occur because HCV is very prone to mutation. This tendency to mutate has also hindered the development of a HCV vaccine. While an effective vaccine is available for the more common Hepatitis B (HBV) virus, it still infects millions annually and causes illnesses ranging from flu-like symptoms to liver failure. HBV is a DNA virus that utilizes the nuclear machinery of the hepatocyte to replicate. Infection and subsequent replication can be modeled in primary human hepatocytes in culture, and has been used to develop large scale screening protocols for new drugs that attack the progression of the virions to the closed circular DNA, which eventually leads to inflammation and other symptoms. So far, HBV has eluded efforts to develop curative drugs¹. For hepatitis studies in vitro, our hepatocytes prequalified to be plateable for 5 days in culture are ideal. These include the General Purpose (cat # HUCPG), Interaction Qualified (cat # HUCPI).

Malaria

Nearly half of the world’s population lives in regions where inhabitants are at risk for malaria infection and more than 500,000 people worldwide die from the disease each year. Malaria is caused by a Plasmodium parasite, which has a life cycle that includes the human liver; specifically, the infection of hepatocytes. As shown in the Figure on the right, Plasmodium sporozoites undergo a major replication event in the hepatocyte before entering the next stage of the life cycle in the blood. Once the parasite is in the blood, the infected person begins to experience the symptoms associated with malaria; alternating chills and fever, fatigue, and others. The development of clinical interventions for the liver stage of the Plasmodium life cycle has become of interest, not only to prevent malaria symptoms, but also the spread of the parasite back to the mosquito, through the blood.

For hepatitis studies in vitro, our hepatocytes prequalified to be plateable for 5 days in culture are ideal. These include the General Purpose, Induction Qualified. The challenge of using hepatocytes for research on Plasmodium infection has been that the hepatocytes must survive for several weeks in culture. Recent work has shown that co-cultures of cryopreserved hepatocytes with liver Kupffer cells (i.e., the resident macrophage in the liver) (cat. # HLKC-200K, HLKC-500K) can successfully mimic the liver stage of the Plasmodium life cycle².

Malaria parasite life cycle in hepatocytes

A human is infected with malaria when an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites and injects Plasmodium sporozoites into the bloodstream. The sporozoites quickly make their way to the liver, where they infect the hepatocytes. Over the next week or so, the sporozoites multiply asexually in the hepatocytes. No symptoms are apparent at this stage. After they are released from the liver, the merozoites invade the bloodstream where they infect the erythrocytes. Some merozoites replicate asexually in the erythrocytes and are released back into the bloodstream when the erythrocyte ruptures, causing the classical symptoms of malaria. However in other erythrocytes, instead of replicating asexually, the merozoites develop into gametocytes, the sexual form of Plasmodium. The gametocytes are picked up by a mosquito that bites an infected person and undergo a sexual reproduction cycle in the mosquito, producing more sporozoites. The cycle begins again when another human is bitten.

Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Models

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disease of the liver characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells, increased lipidosis in the hepatocytes, and early stages of collagen deposition leading to fibrosis. NASH is a progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is associated with obesity and diabetes. The incidence of NAFLD is thought to be as high as 30% of the population and continues to rise with the co-incident rise in obesity.

The interest in developing cell-culture models for NASH is very high. Currently, a non-invasive diagnostic is not available for NASH and effective treatments are still in the early research and development stages. However, the onset of fibrosis, which is characterized by increased collagen deposition, is a hallmark pathological feature of NASH. Cell models that recapitulate the features of NASH contain both hepatocytes and stellate cells in co-culture or in 3D models³. For NASH studies in vitro, our hepatocytes prequalified to be plateable for 5 days in culture are ideal. These include the General Purpose (cat # HUCPG), Interaction Qualified (cat # HUCPI). Researchers may also be interested in low-passage Stellate cells (cat # HUCLS-200K, HUCLS-1M), Kupffer cells (cat # HLKC-200K, HLKC-500K), and liver endothelial cells (cat # HLECP1) for building physiologically relevant 3D culture models to mimic the progression of NASH in vitro.

Diabetes

One of the main functions of the liver is to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, acts as a messenger to alert cells to take up glucose from the blood. But in a liver damaged by fat deposits, scarring or cirrhosis, those cells become less responsive to insulin’s signals. The pancreas reacts by releasing more insulin until it can no longer keep up. This insulin resistance is the foundation of Type 2 diabetes, which worsens liver disease. A robust in vitro model for diabetes involving liver cells would include hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells.

Use the table to determine what format of hepatocytes is best for your disease modeling efforts

Application	Description	Culture Format	Catalog Numbers
Hepatitis Infection Model	Primary hepatocytes are infected with hepatitis virus for drug screening or biomarker discovery/development	Plated monolayer cultures	HUCPI HUCPG
		3D/Spheroids	HUCPI HUCPG
		Co-culture	HUCPI HUCPG HUCNP HUCLS-200K HUCLS-1M HLKC-200K HLKC-500K HLECP1
		3D/Spheroid Co-Culture	HUCPI HUCPG HUCNP HUCLS-200K HUCLS-1M HLKC-200K HLKC-500K HLECP1
Malaria parasite infection model	Primary hepatocytes are infected with Plasmodium falciparium for drug screening or biomarker discovery/development	Plated monolayer cultures	HUCPI HUCPG
		3D/Spheroids	HUCPI HUCPG
		Co-culture	HUCPI HUCPG HUCNP HUCLS-200K HUCLS-1M HLKC-200K HLKC-500K HLECP1
		3D/Spheroid Co-Culture	HUCPI HUCPG HUCNP HUCLS-200K HUCLS-1M HLKC-200K HLKC-500K HLECP1
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model	Steatohepatitis induced in hepatocytes using small molecule or nutrient inducers	Plated monolayer cultures	HUCPI HUCPG
		3D/Spheroids	HUCPI HUCPG
		Co-culture	HUCPI HUCPG HUCNP HUCLS-200K HUCLS-1M HLKC-200K HLKC-500K HLECP1
		3D/Spheroid Co-Culture	HUCPI HUCPG HUCNP HUCLS-200K HUCLS-1M HLKC-200K HLKC-500K HLECP1
Diabetes Model	Hepatocytes respond to insulin by altering their glucose and fat metabolism. Assays to induce lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes are used		HUCPI HUCPG

References

Thomas E and Liang TJ. (2016) Experimental models of hepatitis B and C – new insights and progress. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology 13(6): 362-374.
Davidson MD, Kulka DA, and Khetani SR. (2017) Microengineered cultures containing human hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes for drug development. Integrative Biology 9: 662-677.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug development and drug interactions website. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/developmentapprovalprocess/developmentresources/druginteractionslabeling/ucm080499.htm. Accessed November 29, 2017.