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Hepatitis

Many varieties of the hepatitis virus cause inflammation of the liver, which can lead to severe illness or even death when left untreated. Millions of people are infected with hepatitis viruses worldwide and it remains a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinomas, especially in individuals born in the U.S.A. between 1945 and 1965. While cures have been developed for the deadliest variant, Hepatitis C (HCV), reinfection can occur because HCV is very prone to mutation. This tendency to mutate has also hindered the development of a HCV vaccine. While an effective vaccine is available for the more common Hepatitis B (HBV) virus, it still infects millions annually and causes illnesses ranging from flu-like symptoms to liver failure. HBV is a DNA virus that utilizes the nuclear machinery of the hepatocyte to replicate. Infection and subsequent replication can be modeled in primary human hepatocytes in culture, and has been used to develop large scale screening protocols for new drugs that attack the progression of the virions to the closed circular DNA, which eventually leads to inflammation and other symptoms. So far, HBV has eluded efforts to develop curative drugs1. For hepatitis studies in vitro, our hepatocytes prequalified to be plateable for 5 days in culture are ideal. These include the General Purpose (cat # HUCPG), Interaction Qualified (cat # HUCPI).

Malaria

Nearly half of the world’s population lives in regions where inhabitants are at risk for malaria infection and more than 500,000 people worldwide die from the disease each year. Malaria is caused by a Plasmodium parasite, which has a life cycle that includes the human liver; specifically, the infection of hepatocytes. As shown in the Figure on the right, Plasmodium sporozoites undergo a major replication event in the hepatocyte before entering the next stage of the life cycle in the blood. Once the parasite is in the blood, the infected person begins to experience the symptoms associated with malaria; alternating chills and fever, fatigue, and others. The development of clinical interventions for the liver stage of the Plasmodium life cycle has become of interest, not only to prevent malaria symptoms, but also the spread of the parasite back to the mosquito, through the blood.

For hepatitis studies in vitro, our hepatocytes prequalified to be plateable for 5 days in culture are ideal. These include the General Purpose, Induction Qualified. The challenge of using hepatocytes for research on Plasmodium infection has been that the hepatocytes must survive for several weeks in culture. Recent work has shown that co-cultures of cryopreserved hepatocytes with liver Kupffer cells (i.e., the resident macrophage in the liver) (cat. # HLKC-200K, HLKC-500K) can successfully mimic the liver stage of the Plasmodium life cycle2.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) models

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disease of the liver characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells, increased lipidosis in the hepatocytes, and early stages of collagen deposition leading to fibrosis. NASH is a progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is associated with obesity and diabetes. The incidence of NAFLD is thought to be as high as 30% of the population and continues to rise with the co-incident rise in obesity.
 
The interest in developing cell-culture models for NASH is very high. Currently, a non-invasive diagnostic is not available for NASH and effective treatments are still in the early research and development stages. However, the onset of fibrosis, which is characterized by increased collagen deposition, is a hallmark pathological feature of NASH. Cell models that recapitulate the features of NASH contain both hepatocytes and stellate cells in co-culture or in 3D models3. For NASH studies in vitro, our hepatocytes prequalified to be plateable for 5 days in culture are ideal. These include the General Purpose (cat # HUCPG), Interaction Qualified (cat # HUCPI). Researchers may also be interested in low-passage Stellate cells (cat # HUCLS-200K, HUCLS-1M), Kupffer cells (cat # HLKC-200K, HLKC-500K), and liver endothelial cells (cat # HLECP1) for building physiologically relevant 3D culture models to mimic the progression of NASH in vitro.

Diabetes

One of the main functions of the liver is to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, acts as a messenger to alert cells to take up glucose from the blood. But in a liver damaged by fat deposits, scarring or cirrhosis, those cells become less responsive to insulin’s signals. The pancreas reacts by releasing more insulin until it can no longer keep up. This insulin resistance is the foundation of Type 2 diabetes, which worsens liver disease.  A robust in vitro model for diabetes involving liver cells would include hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells.

Use the table to determine what format of hepatocytes is best for your disease modeling efforts

 

Application Description Culture format Catalog numbers
Hepatitis Infection Model Primary hepatocytes are infected with hepatitis virus for drug screening or biomarker discovery/development Plated monolayer cultures HUCPI
HUCPG
3D/Spheroids HUCPI
HUCPG
Co-culture HUCPI
HUCPG
HUCNP
HUCLS-200K
HUCLS-1M
HLKC-200K
HLKC-500K
HLECP1
3D/Spheroid co-culture HUCPI
HUCPG
HUCNP
HUCLS-200K
HUCLS-1M
HLKC-200K
HLKC-500K
HLECP1
Malaria parasite infection model Primary hepatocytes are infected with Plasmodium falciparium for drug screening or biomarker discovery/development Plated monolayer cultures HUCPI
HUCPG
3D/Spheroids HUCPI
HUCPG
Co-culture HUCPI
HUCPG
HUCNP
HUCLS-200K
HUCLS-1M
HLKC-200K
HLKC-500K
HLECP1
3D/Spheroid co-culture HUCPI
HUCPG
HUCNP
HUCLS-200K
HUCLS-1M
HLKC-200K
HLKC-500K
HLECP1
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model Steatohepatitis induced in hepatocytes using small molecule or nutrient inducers Plated monolayer cultures HUCPI
HUCPG
3D/Spheroids HUCPI
HUCPG
Co-culture HUCPI
HUCPG
HUCNP
HUCLS-200K
HUCLS-1M
HLKC-200K
HLKC-500K
HLECP1
3D/Spheroid co-culture HUCPI
HUCPG
HUCNP
HUCLS-200K
HUCLS-1M
HLKC-200K
HLKC-500K
HLECP1
Diabetes Model Hepatocytes respond to insulin by altering their glucose and fat metabolism. Assays to induce lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes are used HUCPI
HUCPG

References

Davidson MD, Kulka DA, and Khetani SR. Microengineered cultures containing human hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes for drug development . Integrative Biology  2017 9: 662-677.

Thomas E and Liang TJ. Experimental models of hepatitis B and C – new insights and progress. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology  2016 13(6): 362-374.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug development and drug interactions website. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/developmentapprovalprocess/developmentresources/druginteractionslabeling/ucm080499.htm. Accessed November 29, 2017.